你是家人身邊的急救大師嗎?這些你必須get?。‵irst Aid Pamphlet）

自從上期分享了《面對突發(fā)狀況，孩子應(yīng)該如何自救或者他救》的干貨之后，是否get到了？是否已經(jīng)開始在為孩子們做足相關(guān)準(zhǔn)備，學(xué)習(xí)這些技能，以此防患于未然了呢？ 
 

然而“巧婦難為無米之炊”，光有這些技能，而沒有準(zhǔn)備急救工具和用品還是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的，因此一個工具和用品齊全的急救包是必備品。同時學(xué)習(xí)和練習(xí)困難的急救技能，比如如何安全地搬運傷病員，也是必不可少的。

一、

Personal first-Aid Kit個人急救包

Carrying a few first-aid items on hikes and campouts will allow you to treat scratches, blisters, and other minor injuries and to provide initial care for more serious emergencies. You should be able to fit everything in a resealable plastic bag. Always take your personal first-aid kit when you set out on a Scout adventure. Your kit should include as a minimum the following:

個人急救包可以備一些遠(yuǎn)足和露營需要的急救用品。這些用品可以幫助你治療擦傷，水皰以及其他輕傷，也可以為一些比較嚴(yán)重的緊急情況提供初步治療。你應(yīng)該將所有急救物品收納到一個可重新封口的塑料包內(nèi)。當(dāng)你外出探險時，請隨時帶上你的急救包。

個人急救包至少包含下列物品：

Adhesive bandages (6)

6個創(chuàng)口貼

Sterile gauze pads,

3-by-3-inch (2)

2塊3最3英寸（約8最8厘米）

的無菌紗布墊

Adhesive tape (1 small roll)

1小卷膠帶Moleskin,

3-by-6-inch (1)

1張3最6英寸（約8最20厘米）的棉布墊

Soap (1 small bar) or alcohol-based hand sanitizing gel (1 travel size bottle)

1小塊肥皂或者1瓶旅行裝大小的含酒精免洗洗手液

Triple antibiotic ointment (1 small tube) 

1小管三聯(lián)抗生素軟膏Scissors (1 pair)

1副剪刀Nonlatex disposable gloves (1 pair)

1副非乳膠的一次性手套CPR breathing barrier (1) 

1個心肺復(fù)蘇（CPR）

防護(hù)罩Pencil and paper鉛筆和白紙

二、

Home  first-Aid Kit家庭急救包

A more comprehensive first-aid kit suitable for home use can treat a wide range of injuries. After assembling your home kit, be sure everyone in your family knows where the kit is being stored. It also is a good idea to carry a first-aid kit in the car in case of roadside emergencies. At a minimum, the kit should contain the following:

家庭急救包所含的工具和用品更加齊全，能夠治療更多的傷病。在準(zhǔn)備好家庭急救箱后，要確保家里的每一個人都知道急救箱的位置。為防路上發(fā)生緊急情況，在車內(nèi)放一個急救箱也是非常好的想法。家庭急救包至少要包括下列物品：

Roller bandage, 2-inch (1)

1卷2英寸（約5厘米）寬的繃帶

Roller bandage, 1-inch (2)

2卷1英寸（約2.5厘米）寬的繃帶

Adhesive tape, 1-inch (1 roll)

1卷1英寸（約2.5厘米）寬的膠帶

Alcohol swabs (24) 24只/盒的酒精棉簽

Assorted adhesive bandages (1 box)

1盒含各種樣式的創(chuàng)口貼

Elastic bandages, 3-inch-wide (2)

2卷3英寸（約8厘米）寬的彈性繃帶

Sterile gauze pads, 3-by-3-inch (12)

12塊3最3英寸（約8最8厘米）的無菌紗布墊

Moleskin, 3-by-6-inch (4)

4塊3最6英寸（約8最20厘米）的棉布墊

Gel pads for blisters and burns (2 packets)

2包用于水皰和燒傷的凝膠墊

Triple antibiotic ointment (1 tube)

1管三聯(lián)抗生素軟膏

Triangular bandages (4)

4卷三角繃帶

Soap ( 1 small bar) or alcohol-based hand sanitizing gel(1 travel size bottle)

1小塊肥皂或者1瓶旅行裝大小的含酒精免洗洗手液

Scissors (1 pair)

1副剪刀

Tweezers (1 pair)

1把鑷子

Safety pins (12)

12顆別針

Nonlatex disposable gloves(6 pairs)

6副非乳膠一次性手套

Protective goggles/safety glasses (1 pair)

1副護(hù)目鏡

CPR breathing barrier (1)

1個心肺復(fù)蘇（CPR）防護(hù)罩

Pencil and paper

鉛筆和白紙

三、

Moving an ill or injured Person轉(zhuǎn)移傷病員

The decision to move an accident victim should be made carefully.In many cases,there will be emergency medical crews, fire department personnel, or others with special equipment and training who will transport an injured person. If, however, someone is in danger from fire, smoke, water, electrical hazards, poisonous gases, exposure, or other immediate danger, you must move that person to safety. You might also need to move an injured person in order to give that person proper care, or reach another victim. Move the person only as far as is necessary, and do not endanger yourself.

在是否移動事故傷員上，要謹(jǐn)慎地做決定。許多案例中，事故現(xiàn)場都有緊急醫(yī)療救護(hù)人員、消防隊員或者其他裝備齊全且訓(xùn)練有素的人員，一般由他們來轉(zhuǎn)移搬運傷員。當(dāng)然，如果有人處于火災(zāi)，濃煙，溺水，觸電，中毒，爆炸或其他緊急危險中時，就必須由你把他們轉(zhuǎn)移到安全的地方去。另外，為了能給傷員進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)募本然蛘邽榱朔奖憬咏渌麄麊T，你也必須將他們轉(zhuǎn)移。你只需把傷員移動必要的距離，并且注意不要讓自己受傷。

Sometimes you will find that a victim’s injuries are minor enough that the person can move with some assistance. Before attempting to move someone, make sure the person is not suffering from any of the following conditions. Then determine the best technique to use for moving the victim or whether the victim should not be moved at all.

有時你會發(fā)現(xiàn)有些人只是輕傷，他們能夠在有人幫助的情況下自己走動。在嘗試轉(zhuǎn)移傷員前，首先要保證傷員沒有出現(xiàn)以下情況。接著確定傷員是否需要轉(zhuǎn)移。如果需要的話，要確認(rèn)選擇用什么裝備器材來轉(zhuǎn)移傷員是最好的。

Shock休克

Heart attack心臟病

Head, neck, or back (spinal) injury頭部、頸部、背部（脊柱）受傷

Frostbitten or burned feet腳被凍傷或者燒傷

Bone or joint injury at the hips or below臀部及其以下身體部位骨折或者關(guān)節(jié)損傷

For a victim of a venomous bite or sting, getting the victim to medical attention is the most important goal. This may call for moving the victim before the swelling becomes too severe.

對于被毒蛇咬傷或者被毒刺扎傷的傷員，盡快讓他們得到醫(yī)療治療是最重要的。這要求在傷員受傷部位出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重腫脹前，將其轉(zhuǎn)移。

Here are some additional assists and hand carries to consider. Some can be performed by a single rescuer, while others require two or more rescuers. Practice single- and multiplerescuer assists first with an uninjured person. This will help you work smoothly and safely during a real emergency.

在進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)移前，還有一些額外的幫助和準(zhǔn)備要考慮。有些傷員一個急救員就能搬運，而另外一些需要兩個及以上的急救員才能搬運?？梢韵葒L試讓健康的人來協(xié)助模擬單人或多人轉(zhuǎn)移傷員。這樣可以幫助你在遇到真的緊急情況時，能夠順利安全地進(jìn)行救助。

Signals includes both signs (what you would observe) as well as symptoms(what a person would communicate to you). 信號包括你所觀察到的跡象和他人告訴你的征兆。 
 

1、Single-Rescuer Assists 單人搬運

When an injured person must be moved, choose the method carefully to avoid making the injuries worse and to avoid injuring yourself.Recommended assists for a single rescuer include the following.

當(dāng)傷員必須轉(zhuǎn)移時，謹(jǐn)慎選擇搬運方式避免傷員的傷情加重或者讓自己受傷。下面是單人搬運的一些方法：

Walking assist扶持法

If the victim is conscious, has only minor injuries, and can move, you can safely help the person walk. Put one of the victim’s arms around your neck. Hold that hand. Place your other arm around the person’s waist.

如果傷員只是輕傷，意識清醒且能夠走動，那么你就可以攙扶著他安全地步行移動。將傷員的一條胳膊搭到自己的脖子后面，抓住他的手。自己的另一只手摟住傷員的腰，這樣扶持著他移動。

Ankle drag腳踝拖行法

The fastest method for a short distance on a smooth surface, or to move someone who is too large or heavy to transport in any other way, is to drag the person by both ankles.

這種方式對于在平滑的地面近距離移動或者是在要將高大的傷員搬運到另一個地方是最適用的，即雙手握住傷員的兩只腳踝向前拖動。

Shoulder drag肩部拖行法

For short distances over a rougher surface, and to move a conscious or unconscious person who may have head, neck, or back injuries, use the clothes drag. Firmly grab the person’s clothing behind the shoulder and neck area and pull headfirst.

如果是在凹凸不平的地方進(jìn)行近距離轉(zhuǎn)移，或者傷員的頭部、頸部、背部受傷，不論他意識清醒還是模糊，在這兩種情況下，都要采用拖拽傷員肩部衣物的方式進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)移。雙手緊緊抓住傷員肩部后面、頸部附近的衣服，將傷員的頭支撐在你的前臂間，將傷員向后拖行至安全的地方。

Blanket drag毛毯拖行法

Roll the person onto a blanket, coat, tarp, or tablecloth,  if possible, and drag from behind the head.

用毯子，外套，油布或者桌布將傷員裹起來。抓住頭部后面的毯子拖行轉(zhuǎn)移。

One-person lift抱持法

You may be able to carry a child or someone who does not weigh much if you place one arm under the victim’s knees and one around the upper back.Do not use this method if you suspect spinal injury.

如果轉(zhuǎn)移的傷員是小孩或者體重較輕?？梢允褂帽С址ㄞD(zhuǎn)移傷員，即將一只手放在傷員雙膝下，另一只手摟住傷員的背部將其抱起。如果你懷疑傷員的脊柱受損，請不要使用這種方法搬運傷員。

firefighter carry肩扛法

To travel longer distances, carry the victim over your shoulder if injuries will allow it. The firefighter carry should never be used if you suspect the victim has a spinal injury.

如果轉(zhuǎn)移的距離很長，在取得傷員同意下，可以將傷員扛在肩上轉(zhuǎn)移。這種方法對脊椎受傷的人也不適用。

Pack-strap carry背負(fù)法

The pack-strap carry is better for longer distances than the one-person lift and when the firefighter carry is not practical. Use this method only if you do not suspect spinal injury.

在長距離搬運中，背負(fù)法比肩扛法更加實用。當(dāng)然也是在確認(rèn)傷員的脊柱沒有受傷的情況下，才能使用這種方法。2Multiple-Rescuer Assists多人搬運

Recommended assists for two or more rescuers include the following.

對于有兩人及以上的急救員參加傷員轉(zhuǎn)移時的方法如下:

Helping the person walk扶持法

If the victim is conscious and shows no signals of the conditions or injuries listed earlier, two rescuers can safely help the person walk. Put one of the victim’s arms around each rescuer’s neck. Hold the hands. Rescuers place their free arms around the victim’s waist.

如果傷員的傷情在初期沒有明顯的癥狀并且傷員意識清醒。兩名急救員均可采用單人扶持法的方式幫助傷員自己走路轉(zhuǎn)移。即將傷員的一條胳膊搭到自己的脖子后面，抓住他的手，自己的另一只手摟住傷員的腰向前移動。

four-handed seat四手轎扛式

When no equipment is available, the four-handed seat is the easiest two-rescuer carry. It is safe only if the victim is conscious and can hold on.

如果沒有可利用的器材，四手轎扛式是最簡單方便的兩人轉(zhuǎn)移法。這種方式只適用于意識清醒且能夠支撐身體的傷員。

Two-handed seat雙手抬坐法

Use this method if the victim is conscious but not seriously injured. Rescuers place arms on each other’s shoulder and lock arms for stability as the victim gets into position, then move arms from shoulders to across the victim’s back.

這種方法適用于意識清醒且傷情不重的傷員。兩名急救員各將一條手臂搭到對方的肩上，另一只手握住對方的手腕保持穩(wěn)定，構(gòu)成搬運傷員的空間。接著讓雙臂繞過肩膀放到傷員的背上將傷員抬起。

Chair carry椅拖式

This is a good method for carrying an injured person up stairs or through narrow, winding spaces.

椅拖式在搬運傷員上樓或者是穿過狹窄風(fēng)大的地方是非常實用的。

Hammock carry平臥托運法

Three to six rescuers stand on either side of the victim and link hands beneath the person.

三到六名急救員分站到傷員的兩側(cè)，雙手放至傷員身下將其托起轉(zhuǎn)移。

對濃煙彌漫的房間進(jìn)行救援 
濃煙彌漫的房間是非常危險的環(huán)境。如果在自己也受傷的情況下，沖進(jìn)濃煙彌漫的房間或者危險的區(qū)域進(jìn)行救援是沒用任何用處的。如果你的安全受到了威脅，那么就耐心等待專業(yè)急救人員的到來。 
在這種情況下，傷員或意識模糊的人員要迅速地轉(zhuǎn)移。避免采取任何會使傷員的傷情加重的措施?？梢圆扇”菊滤岬降霓D(zhuǎn)移傷員的方法安全的搬運傷員。 
 

3Stretchers擔(dān)架

When a person must be moved for some distance or his or her injuries are serious, you should carry the person on a stretcher.

如果必須將傷員移動很長的一段距離或者是重傷員，那么就需要使用擔(dān)架來搬運。

When available, use a litter or rescue basket made especially for transporting injured persons.If none is available, please make an improvised stretchers.

條件允許的話，使用特制的擔(dān)架或救生籃來轉(zhuǎn)移傷員。在都沒有的情況下，可以制作一個簡易擔(dān)架。

Shirt stretcher襯衣?lián)?/strong>